TB disease continues to be one of the world’s major infectious diseases, especially in developing countries like India. Despite awareness campaigns, improved medical access, and advanced research, TB remains a public health threat because of delayed diagnosis, poor treatment adherence, drug resistance, and lack of awareness. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and prevention measures for TB is crucial for early detection and effective control.
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), in 2024, an estimated 10.7 million people fell ill with TB disease, and 1.23 million died, making it one of the world’s top infectious diseases.
This guide provides a comprehensive overview of TB, from its fundamental causes to the latest strategies for prevention.
Table of Contents
What is TB Disease?
TB (Tuberculosis) disease is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affecting the lungs (pulmonary TB). However, it can also spread to other parts of the body, such as bones, kidneys, brain, and lymph nodes (extrapulmonary TB).
TB spreads through the air, making it highly contagious – but preventable and curable with proper treatment and self-care.
Causes of TB Disease
TB disease is a bacterial infection, but several social, environmental, and health-related factors increase the risk of developing it.
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection
The root cause of TB disease is inhaling droplets containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis. When an infected person coughs, sneezes, speaks, or even laughs, tiny droplets containing the bacteria become airborne. If someone nearby inhales these, the infection may occur.
Close Contact With an Infected Person
Living in the same household, working in the same environment, or spending long hours with an affected person increases the risk.
High-risk environments include:
- Crowded areas
- Hospitals
- Public transportation
- Slum areas
- Poorly ventilated workplaces
Weakened Immune System
A strong immune system can often keep the TB bacteria under control, even if they enter the body. But when immunity drops, latent TB can turn into active TB.
People with the following conditions have a higher risk:
- Diabetes
- HIV/AIDS
- Chronic disease
- Malnutrition
- Cancer
Poor Living Conditions
People living in slum areas or unhygienic conditions are more vulnerable because they don’t have high immunity to fight against TB bacteria.
Tobacco, Drug, and Alcohol Consumption
Smoking damages the lungs, making them more prone to infection. Excessive alcohol and drug abuse suppress the immune system, raising the risk significantly.
Symptoms of Pulmonary TB
TB symptoms vary depending on whether the disease is pulmonary (affecting the lungs) or extra-pulmonary. Early detection is crucial, as untreated TB can cause severe complications.
Common Symptoms of Pulmonary TB:
- Persistent cough for more than 2 weeks: A chronic cough is the most common sign. The cough may eventually bring up phlegm or blood.
- Chest Pain: Chest pain occurs due to lung inflammation or pleural involvement.
- Fever and Night Sweats: Low-grade fever, especially in the evenings, is a typical symptom of TB.
- Fatigue and Weakness: TB depletes the body’s energy, resulting in persistent tiredness.
- Unexplained Weight Loss: Sudden or gradual weight loss without a change in diet is a classic TB symptom.
Symptoms of Extra-pulmonary TB
TB of the kidneys
- Lower back pain
- Blood in urine
TB of the Brain (TB meningitis)
- Headache
- Seizures
- Confusion
TB of the Abdomen
- Stomach pain
- Loss of appetite
- Digestive issues
TB of the Spine or Bones
- Back pain
- Joint pain
- Difficulty walking
TB of the Lymph nodes
- Swollen, painful lymph nodes (usually in the neck)
Early diagnosis is essential because extra-pulmonary TB may go unnoticed longer than pulmonary TB
How TB Disease Spreads
TB spreads mainly through airborne transmission. It does not spread through:
- Hand shakes
- Sharing food
- Touching surfaces
- Using the same toilets
TB spreads only when:
- A person with active pulmonary TB coughs or sneezes
- Prolonged exposure happens in poorly ventilated spaces
- Bacteria are inhaled by people nearby
Prevention strategies
Preventing TB requires a combination of public health actions, personal hygiene, vaccination, and awareness.
Early Diagnosis and Timely Treatment
- People with symptoms should get tested through:
- Sputum test
- Chest X-ray
- GeneXpert (CBNAAT) test
- Tuberculin skin test (TST)
Early diagnosis reduces the chances of spreading TB.
Complete the Full Course of TB Treatment
Treatment lasts for 6 months or longer. Patients must complete the entire course, even if they feel better early. Irregular medication leads to:
- Severe complications
- Drug-resistant TB
- Relapse
BCG Vaccination
The BCG vaccine protects children from severe forms of TB. While it doesn’t prevent all TB cases, it significantly reduces the risk of TB meningitis and TB in infants.
Boosting Immunity
Strengthening the immune system reduces the risk of developing active TB.
Helpful practices include:
- Nutritious and balanced diet
- Regular exercise
- Adequate sleep
- Stress management
- Avoiding smoke and alcohol
Improving ventilation
TB bacteria spread easily in closed, crowded rooms. Good airflow helps disperse infectious droplets.
Protecting High-Risk Groups
People with weakened immunity should take extra precautions:
- Wearing masks in crowded places
- Regular health checkups
- Avoid close contact with TB patients
Cough Hygiene
- People with TB include:
- Wear masks
- Avoid spitting in open areas
Good hygiene reduces the spread of bacteria.
Conclusion
TB disease remains a major global health challenge, but with early diagnosis, proper treatment, lifestyle modifications, and strong public health measures, it is completely preventable and curable. Understanding TB causes, symptoms, and prevention measures empowers people with TB to take the right steps at the right time. Awareness is the strongest we have in reducing the global TB burden.
If more people get screened early, improve immunity, and follow treatment properly. TB can be eliminated much sooner than expected.